patent infringement litigation

пат., страх. страхование судебных затрат на защиту патента* (страхование, предназначенное для компенсирования владельцу патента расходов, связанных с необходимостью юридической защиты патентных прав в случае незаконного использования третьей стороной интеллектуальной собственности, охраняемой патентом)

1) оспаривание

2) судебный процесс

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- patent infringement litigation

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1) патент; привілей; публічно-правовий акт дарування прав; запатентований винахід (предмет); дарована грамота

2) патентний; патентований; захищений привілеєм, привілейований; публічно-правовий

3) патентувати, брати патент

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- patent acceptance

- infringement litigation

пат., страх. страхование ответственности за нарушение патента*, патентное страхование ответственности* (форма страхования ответственности, предназначенная для компенсирования расходов застрахованного, связанных с необходимостью выплаты компенсации третьим лицам, патентные права которых были нарушены застрахованным)

пат., страх. страхование на случай устранения нарушения* (страхование, предназначенное для компенсирования владельцу интеллектуальной собственности расходов, связанных с необходимостью юридической защиты патентных прав или иных прав на интеллектуальную собственность в случае их нарушения третьим лицом)

n, pl

1) работа, деятельность

2) юр. судебное разбирательство, судопроизводство

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Josué Heilmann, of Mulhouse, was awarded 5,000 francs offered by the cotton spinners of Alsace for a machine that would comb cotton. It was a process not hitherto applied to this fibre and, when perfected, enabled finer, smoother and more lustrous yarns to be spun. The important feature of Heilmann's method was to use a grip or nip to hold the end of the sliver that was being combed. Two or more combs passed through the protruding fibres to comb them thoroughly, and a brush cylinder and knife cleared away the noils. The combed section was passed forward so that the part held in the nip could then be combed. The combed fibres were joined up with the length already finished. Heilmann obtained a British patent in 1846, but no machines were put to work until 1851. Six firms of cotton spinners in Lancashire paid £30,000 for the cotton-combing rights and Marshall's of Leeds paid £20,000 for the rights to comb flax. Heilmann's machine was used on the European continent for combing silk as well as flax, wool and cotton, so it proved to be very versatile. Priority of his patent was challenged in England because Lister had patented a combing machine with a gripper or nip in 1843; in 1852 the parties went to litigation and cross-suits were instituted. While Heilmann obtained a verdict of infringement against Lister for certain things, Lister also obtained one against Heilmann for other matters. After this outcome, Heilmann's patent was bought on speculation by Messrs Akroyd and Titus Salt for £30,000, but was afterwards resold to Lister for the same amount. In this way Lister was able to exploit his own patent through suppressing Heilmann's.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording

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At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.

In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.

In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).

As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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The son of a Congregationalist minister, Hall was educated at Oberlin College. There he was instructed in chemistry by Professor F.F.Jewett, a former student of the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, who encouraged Hall to believe that there was a need for a cheap process for the manufacture of aluminium. After graduating in 1885, Hall set to work in his private laboratory exploring the method of fused salt electrolysis. On Wednesday 10 February 1886 he found that alumina dissolved in fused cryolite "like sugar in water", and that the bath so produced was a good conductor of electricity. He contained the solution in a pure graphite crucible which also acted as an efficient cathode, and by 16 February 1886 had produced the first globules of metallic aluminium. With two backers, Hall was able to complete his experiments and establish a small pilot plant in Boston, but they withdrew after the US Patent Examiners reported that Hall's invention had been anticipated by a French patent, filed by Paul Toussaint Héroult in April 1886. Although Hall had not filed until July 1886, he was permitted to testify that his invention had been completed by 16 February 1886 and on 2 April 1889 he was granted a seventeen-year monopoly in the United States. Hall now had the support of Captain A.E. Hunt of the Pittsburgh Testing Institute who provided the capital for establishing the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which by 1889 was selling aluminium at $1 per pound compared to the $15 for sodium-reduced aluminium. Further capital was provided by the banker Andrew Mellon (1855–1937). Hall then turned his attention to Britain and began negotiations with Johnson Matthey, who provided land on a site at Patricroft near Manchester. Here the Aluminium Syndicate, owned by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, began to produce aluminium in July 1890. By this time the validity of Hall's patent was being strongly contested by Héroult and also by the Cowles brothers, who attempted to operate the Hall process in the United States. Hall successfully sued them for infringement, and was confirmed in his patent rights by the celebrated ruling in 1893 of William Howard Taft, subsequently President of the USA. In 1895 Hall's company changed its name to the Pittsburgh Aluminium Company and moved to Niagara Falls, where cheap electrical power was available. In 1903 a legal compromise ended the litigation between the Hall and Héroult organizations. The American rights in the invention were awarded to Hall, and the European to Héroult. The Pittsburgh Aluminium Company became the Aluminium Company of America on 1 January 1907. On his death he left his estate, worth about $45 million, for the advancement of education.

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accounting procedure метод учета деятельности компании accounting procedure процедура анализа хозяйственной деятельности accounting procedure процедура отчетности accusatorial procedure процедура вынесения обвинения administrative procedure административная процедура ancillary procedure вспомогательная процедура appeal procedure процедура апелляции appellate procedure процедура апелляции apportionment procedure процедура распределения attached procedure вчт. присоединенная процедура audit procedure методика проведения ревизии audit procedure процедура ревизии auditing procedure методика проведения ревизии auditing procedure процедура проведения ревизии authentication procedure процедура засвидетельствования подлинности budgetary procedure процедура согласования бюджета built-in procedure вчт. встроенная процедура business procedure метод деловой деятельности call procedure вчт. процедура вызова cataloged procedure вчт. каталогизированная процедура certification procedure аттестация civil procedure гражданский процесс civil procedure гражданское процессуальное право command procedure вчт. командная процедура conciliation procedure процедура примирения contingency procedure процедура исключительности criminal procedure уголовный процесс data-base procedure вчт. процедура базы данных data-handling procedure вчт. процесс обработки данных delphi procedure метод экспертных оценок derogation procedure порядок частичной отмены закона (ЕЭС) disciplinary procedure дисциплинарная процедура election procedure процедура проведения выборов emergency infringement procedure чрезвычайная процедура нарушения estimation procedure процедура оценивания exit procedure вчт. процедура выхода external procedure внешняя процедура extradition procedure процедура выдачи преступника другому государству function procedure вчт. функциональная процедура graphic procedure графический метод graphical procedure графический метод handing over procedure юр. процедура передачи задержанного infringement procedure процедура посягательства inquisitorial procedure процедура расследования inquisitorial procedure следственная процедура judicial procedure судебная процедура least-squares procedure метод наименьших квадратов legal procedure судебный процесс legal procedure судопроизводство legislative procedure законодательная процедура lending procedure процедура кредитования library procedure вчт. библиотечная процедура litigation procedure процедура судебного разбирательства loan application procedure процедура рассмотрения заявки на получение ссуды logoff procedure вчт. процедура выхода из системы logon procedure вчт. процедура входа в систему matrix procedure матричная процедура maximum-likelihood procedure метод максимального правдоподобия notification procedure процедура уведомления numeric procedure численный метод numeric procedures численные методы numerical procedure численный метод numerical procedure числовой метод numerical procedures численные методы office procedure порядок работы учреждения optimization procedure метод оптимизации oral procedure устное судопроизводство patent procedure процедура выдачи патентов point-and-click procedure вчт. ввод данных с помощью устройства типа мыши pre-trial procedure совещание суда с адвокатами сторон (процедура, непосредственно предшествующая рассмотрению в судебном заседании дела по существу) private criminal procedure закрытый уголовный процесс procedure вчт. алгоритм procedure метод проведения procedure вчт. методика procedure методика procedure методика проведения (опыта, анализа) procedure образ действия procedure порядок procedure производство дел procedure юр., парл. процедура procedure вчт. процедура, подпрограмма procedure процедура procedure процесс procedure процессуальные нормы procedure судопроизводство procedure технологический процесс procedure технологический процесс procedure for compulsory purchase судопроизводство по принудительному отчуждению promulgation procedure процедура промульгации proof procedure процедура доказательств randomized procedure рандомизированная процедура ratification procedure процедура ратификации reconciliation procedure процедура согласования recovery procedure вчт. процедура восстановления recursive procedure вчт. рекурсивная процедура reenterable procedure вчт. повторно используемая процедура refutation procedure процедура опровержения registration procedure процедура оформления registration procedure процедура регистрации reporting procedure процедура отчетности sampling procedure stat. процедура выборочного контроля sampling procedure stat. процедура отбора simplex procedure симплексный метод simulation procedure методика моделирования standardized procedure стандартная методика summary contentious procedure упрощенная процедура разрешения споров summary procedure суммарное судопроизводство summary procedure упрощенное судопроизводство test procedure методика испытаний trade procedure способ торговли updating procedure вчт. процедура уточнения данных verbal procedure устное производство voting procedure процедура голосования vouching procedure процедура поручительства written procedure письменная процедура